Enlightenment, the - перевод на Английский
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Enlightenment, the - перевод на Английский

EUROPEAN CULTURAL MOVEMENT OF THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES
The Englightenment; The Enlightenment; 18th Century Philosophy; 18th century philosophy; The enlightenment; Age of enlightenment; Enlightenment age; Era of Enlightenment; French Enlightenment; Aufklarung; Aufklärung; The Aufklärung; The Age of Enlightenment; Illuminists; Illuminist; Enlightenment Era; The nelightenment; Period of enlightenment; European Enlightenment; Enlightenment Period; Age of reason; Age Of Reason; The enlightenment era; German Enlightenment; Opplysningtiden; Siècle des Lumières; Enlightenment philosophy; Enlightenment era; The Enlightment; The Aufklaerung; Siecle des Lumieres; Aufklaerung; The Aufklarung; Enlightenment Age; Enlightenment Thought; Prussian enlightenment; English enlightenment; Enlightenment (philosophy); Enlightment philosophers; Age of the Enlightenment; Eighteenth century philosophy; Austrian Enlightenment; Enlightenment thought; Early Enlightenment; Radical enlightenment; Radical Enlightenment; Enlightenment in Portugal; Modern Enlightenment; Western Enlightenment; French enlightenment
  • ESTC]] data 1477–1799 by decade given with a regional differentiation
  • ''[[Journal des sçavans]]'' was the earliest academic journal published in Europe
  • One leader of the Scottish Enlightenment was [[Adam Smith]], the father of modern economic science
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  • Histoire naturelle}}, a 44 volume encyclopedia describing everything known about the natural world
  • [[Cesare Beccaria]], father of classical criminal theory
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  • [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]]
  • Declaration of Independence]]'' imagines the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress
  • [[Denis Diderot]] is best known as the editor of the ''[[Encyclopédie]]''
  • "[[Figurative system of human knowledge]]", the structure that the ''Encyclopédie'' organised knowledge into – it had three main branches: memory, reason, and imagination
  • Empress Elizabeth]] visits Russian scientist [[Mikhail Lomonosov]].
  • First page of the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'', published between 1751 and 1766
  • If there is something you know, communicate it. If there is something you don't know, search for it.<div style="text-align:right;">— An engraving from the 1772 edition of the ''[[Encyclopédie]]''; [[Truth]], in the top center, is surrounded by light and unveiled by the figures to the right, Philosophy and [[Reason]]</div>
  • Europe at the beginning of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], 1700
  • A portrait of [[Bernard de Fontenelle]]
  • [[René Descartes]], widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of [[modern philosophy]] and science
  • Masonic initiation ceremony
  • Front page of ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'', January 1731
  • [[George Frideric Handel]]
  • German philosopher [[Immanuel Kant]]
  • A medal minted during the reign of [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]], commemorating his grant of religious liberty to Jews and [[Protestants]] in Hungary—another important reform of Joseph II was the abolition of [[serfdom]].
  • [[Jean-François Champollion]], considered the founder of [[Egyptology]]
  • [[Constitution of 3 May, 1791]], Europe's first modern constitution
  • Jesuit]] priest [[Matteo Ricci]] worked with several Chinese elites, such as [[Xu Guangqi]], in translating ''[[Euclid's Elements]]'' into Chinese.
  • Goethe]]
  • French philosopher [[Pierre Bayle]]
  • Statue of [[Cesare Beccaria]], widely considered one of the greatest thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment.
  • Back row, left to right: [[Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset]], [[Pierre de Marivaux]], [[Jean-François Marmontel]], [[Joseph-Marie Vien]], [[Antoine Léonard Thomas]], [[Charles Marie de La Condamine]], [[Guillaume Thomas François Raynal]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]], [[La Clairon]], [[Charles-Jean-François Hénault]], [[Étienne François]], [[duc de Choiseul]], a bust of [[Voltaire]], [[Charles-Augustin de Ferriol d'Argental]], [[Jean François de Saint-Lambert]], [[Edmé Bouchardon]], [[Jacques-Germain Soufflot]], [[Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville]], [[Anne Claude de Caylus]], [[Fortunato Felice]], [[François Quesnay]], [[Denis Diderot]], [[Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune]], [[Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes]], [[Armand de Vignerot du Plessis]], [[Pierre Louis Maupertuis]], [[Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan]], [[Henri François d'Aguesseau]], [[Alexis Clairaut]].<br>
Front row, right to left: [[Montesquieu]], [[Sophie d'Houdetot]], [[Claude Joseph Vernet]], [[Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle]], [[Marie-Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin]], [[Louis François, Prince of Conti]], [[Marie Louise Nicole Élisabeth de La Rochefoucauld, Duchesse d'Anville]], [[Philippe Jules François Mancini]], [[François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis]], [[Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon]], [[Alexis Piron]], [[Charles Pinot Duclos]], [[Claude-Adrien Helvétius]], [[Charles-André van Loo]], [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]], [[Lekain]] at the desk reading aloud, [[Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse]], [[Anne-Marie du Boccage]], [[René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur]], [[Françoise de Graffigny]], [[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac]], [[Bernard de Jussieu]], [[Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton]], [[Georges-Louis Leclerc]], [[Comte de Buffon]].}}
  • An example of a French salon
  • Marquis of Pombal]], as the head of the government of Portugal, implemented sweeping socio-economic reforms
  • Johann Struensee]], a social reformer, was publicly executed in 1772 for usurping royal authority
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  • French philosopher [[Voltaire]] argued for [[religious tolerance]]
  • [[Antoine Lavoisier]] conducting an experiment related to combustion generated by amplified sun light

Enlightenment, the      
= Ilustración, la; Siglo de las Luces, el
Ex: The subsequent debate, which engaged astrologers, doctors, theologians, & savants, reveals the tensions in French culture at the dawn of the Enlightenment.
the enlightenment         
la iluminación
enlightenment         
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
Enlightment; Illumination (concept); Enlightenment (disambiguation); Enlighten; Enlightenment (album); British Enlightenment
(n.) = ilustración, conocimiento, sabiduría
Ex: Considered as necessary work in the interest of humanity and general enlightenment, bibliography gains ground as the years pass.
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* Age of Enlightenment, the = Siglo de las Luces, el
* Enlightenment, the = Ilustración, la; Siglo de las Luces, el

Определение

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Википедия

Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment or the Enlightenment , also known the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries global influences and effects. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on the value of human happiness, the pursuit of knowledge obtained by means of reason and the evidence of the senses, and ideals such as natural law, liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.

The Enlightenment was preceded by the Scientific Revolution and the work of Francis Bacon, John Locke, among others. Some date the beginning of the Enlightenment to the publication of René Descartes' Discourse on the Method in 1637, featuring his famous dictum, Cogito, ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am"). Others cite the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica (1687) as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution and the beginning of the Enlightenment. European historians traditionally date its beginning with the death of Louis XIV of France in 1715 and its end with the 1789 outbreak of the French Revolution. Many historians now date the end of the Enlightenment as the start of the 19th century, with the latest proposed year being the death of Immanuel Kant in 1804.

Philosophers and scientists of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffeehouses and in printed books, journals, and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Catholic Church and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th century movements including liberalism, communism, and neoclassicism trace their intellectual heritage to the Enlightenment.

The central doctrines of the Enlightenment were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to an absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Church. The concepts of utility and sociability were also crucial in the dissemination of information that would better society as a whole. The Enlightenment was marked by an increasing awareness of the relationship between the mind and the everyday media of the world, and by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy—an attitude captured by Kant's essay Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment, where the phrase Sapere aude (Dare to know) can be found.

Примеры употребления для Enlightenment, the
1. "The Scottish Enlightenment, the Law and Russia" is the title of a lecture by Scottish author Ian Mitchell on Fri.
2. Alongside the ancient paths to enlightenment, the monks are now engaged in business studies, trademark lawsuits and film–making.
3. Results of civic polls prove Pakistanis back his policy of moderate enlightenment The successful albeit turbulent elections to local bodies in Pakistan is a huge step in the country‘s long march towards democracy.
4. Benedict compared the situation in the Muslim world to that faced by Christians beginning in the Enlightenment, the 18th–century movement to promote individual rights, including freedom of religion. We Christians feel close to all those who, on the basis of their religious conviction as Muslims, commit themselves against violence,‘‘ the pope said.
5. "The Scottish Enlightenment, the Law and Russia" is the title of a lecture by Ian Mitchell, Scottish author, on Friday, Dec. 14, at 7:00 p.m. hosted by ENGLISH LANGUAGE EVENINGS at the Chekhov Cultural Center, 6 Strastnoi Bulvar (through the tunnel, first door on left), M Chekhovskaya. 50 rubles. www.elemoscow.net.